Women and Substance Abuse (Why) Essay - 941 Words

Chapter 14 and the DSM IV defines substance abuse as â€Å"a maladaptive pattern of substance use manifested by recurrent and significant adverse consequences related to the repeated use of substances† (Ashman, 4th edition 2013, pg. 442). When researching my paper I decided to find the differences, if any, between women and male substance abusers. While researching for the ERA capstone project we did for human services, I found that causes of addiction in women was due to poverty, abuse, lack of resources and other reasons that all can be contributed to inequality of women in our society. The main reason women become addicted is due to self-medicating. I had a range of questions I began asking myself, and decided to do more research. Then I†¦show more content†¦This goes back to the theory that most women turn to substances for self-medicating purposes due to unresolved traumas or events in their lives. Women’s addiction is also different because women not only self-medicate because of traumatic events, but also to function as a working mother/woman in a fast paced world. According to, â€Å"The DASIS Report (May 2005)† women were less likely than men to detoxify. One reason is because they are in denial and try to rationalize their substance abuse. So they are less likely to seek help unless it is court ordered because children were involved. SAMSHA, stated that as of 2008, 1/3 of the population being treated for substance abuse were women. According to SAMSHA’s November/December 2008 Newsletter, 6.9 million women are not receiving treatment. Approximately, 94% feel they do not need treatment. This has been a drastic increase over the past 10years. SAMSHA also revealed that women have more barriers when seeking treatment such as, young children, poverty, low-income, stigmatization and have the inability to pay for treatment. This goes back to pay in-equality and the Equal Rights Amendment. According to SAMSHA, studies have estimated that between 5 and 35 percent of women receiving Temporary Aid to Needy Families (TANF) have a substance abuse problem that can impede their ability to work. SAMSHA also states, that if appropriate treatment is not received, su bstance abusing women are extremely limited when it comes toShow MoreRelatedSubstance Abuse And Domestic Violence Essay1670 Words   |  7 PagesIn this paper I will be addressing the correlation that is between substance abuse and domestic violence. There are many factors that play a role in why domestic violence occurs in a home; this paper will be focusing on the factor of drug abuse in particularly. Early on in the course we learned that domestic violence does not only pertain to intimate partner violence but also to child abuse, elder abuse, and any other abuse of a person that occurs with inside the home. I will be providing researchRead MoreSubstance Abuse And Its Effects1707 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to Dictionary.com, substance abuse is defined as a â€Å"long-term, pathological use of alcohol or drugs, characterized by daily intoxication, inability to reduce consumption, and impairment in social or occupational functioning; broadly, alcohol or drug addiction (dicti onary.com).† Substance use can include anything from alcohol to any variety of drugs, prescription or illicit. Responsible alcohol use is considered being no more than 3 drinks for a woman and no more than 5 for a man in aRead MoreMany Women Across The World Cause Complications To Their1657 Words   |  7 PagesMany women across the world cause complications to their unborn child when they choose to abuse substance. There are many types of substance abuse such as alcohol, tobacco, and drug abuse. Most likely when women choose to engage in these types of activities it causes harm to the child and birth defects. Long term and short term deformities and conditions are present in the child. Other factors play a part into why women abuse, substance such as stress, depression, and mental issues. More treatmentRead MoreForensic Psychology And Crime And Substance Abuse847 Words   |  4 Pagespsychology is a solid reference to crime and substance abuse. Criminal behavior is an ev il thought however substance abuse is a disease. One will certainly need a better understanding to an individual’s crime that would cause one to commit them. Did the drugs make him/her do it? Psychology, biology, and criminology fall within the evolution in forensic psychology. Race, sex, and poverty plays a pivotal role when a crime is committed within a specific group such as women, or men. In addition the behavior ofRead MoreSubstance Abuse During The 20th Century1422 Words   |  6 Pages Substance Abuse in Women Description of the Group Towards the end of the 20th century, most of the studies focusing on substance abuse focused on the needs of men. This means that the percentage of women affected by substance abuse remained unknown for several decades. In the recent past, studies have been done to analyze the psychological, health, and economic challenges affecting women who abuse different substances (National Institute of Drug Abuse, 2015). This marginalized groupRead MoreTrauma And Substance Abuse : A Literature Review1023 Words   |  5 PagesTrauma-Informed Approaches to Substance Abuse Issues in Women: A Literature Review Ashley M. Mosgrove Simmons College Introduction The purpose of this literature review is to explore trauma-informed approaches to substance abuse interventions and to identify gaps in the literature that would benefit from further research in this area. Trauma and Substance Abuse Trauma can be defined as an event or experience that hinders an individual’s ability to cope (Covington, 2008). These experiencesRead More Eating Disorders And Substance Abuse Essay1636 Words   |  7 PagesEating Disorders And Substance Abuse Common Eating Disorders: The two most common eating disorders are bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa. Both disorders, primarily affect young women, therefore the majority of the research on eating disorders has been done with women subjects. The onset of bulimia is between adolescence and early adulthood while the onset of anorexia is between early and late adolescence. Not only is the onset different but the disorders are unique. Bulimia nervosa isRead MoreSubstance Abuse - Social Pandemic1653 Words   |  7 Pagescontinues, substance abuse across America has become a very serious social problem. It is mental illness that has an effect on different races, classes and genders. The affects of substance abuse has caused countless of people to feel heartache and develop feelings of hopelessness. With alcohol and drugs readily available through prescription or on the streets (Butler,2010), it is obvious why many are acquiring addictive patterns to these accessible substances, and that the continual abuse o f theseRead MoreAddicted To Drugs Essay1071 Words   |  5 PagesAddicted to Drugs: Should we Charge Mothers with Child Abuse? In the United States we have been facing an epidemic with opioid use and addiction. According to The American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), the rate of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) in the neonatal intensive care units (NICU) have increased from 7 cases per 1,000 admissions in 2004 to 27 cases per 1,000 admissions in 2013. NAS is a syndrome that happens when a baby is exposed to drugs in the womb. To go alongRead MoreHow Substance Abuse Negatively Affects The Baby While During1328 Words   |  6 PagesHow substance abuse negatively affects the baby while during a woman’s pregnancy. Many women across the world cause complications to their unborn child when they choose to abuse substance. There are many types of substance abuse such as alcohol, tobacco, and drug abuse. Most likely when women choose to engage in these types of activities it causes harm to the child and birth defects. Long term and short term deformities and conditions are present in the child. Other factors play a part into why

Medias Influence on Adolescent Girls Body Image, Identity...

Medias Influence on Adolescent Girls Body Image, Identity and Sexuality Missing Sources Cited nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Gender Identity begins in early childhood when roles are given to children as to which toys they should play or not play with. A child’s body image is influenced by how people around her react to her body and how she looks. A pre-adolescent becomes more aware of what society’s standards are for the ideal body. The media has always had images of what the ideal woman should be. As in the way she should look and the way she acts. The media today does and doesn’t always depict what is good for an adolescent or pre-adolescent to believe about themselves. There are also many good influences from the media. Role models such†¦show more content†¦It’s almost impossible to ignore the many images of thin beautiful women. When turning the pages of a popular magazine, women are being invited by the ads and spreads to look a certain way, thin. What girls don’t see is that the average size of women today is a size 16 not a 6. Mode ls look beautiful for a reason. They have hair stylists, makeup artists, wardrobe people, and skin care specialists to make them look that way. Besides that they have the best photographers in the world. Beauty and fashion ads don’t just sell a product they sell a lifestyle. Many adolescents can be influenced to have a positive body image despite all of the negative media influences. Many magazines designed especially for adolescent girls, such as American Girl, focus on positive outlooks on the young girl’s lifestyle. American Girl Magazine says â€Å"Girls in this age group are more curious about the world than ever before. They’re beginning to consider the impact they can have on the people around them, on the environment, and on their future. All the while, they’re undergoing profound biological changes. Adolescent girls are entering one of the most challenging and complex phases of her life so far. Our advice titles include expert guidance on seriou s topics, such as The Care amp; Keeping of You and Staying Home Alone. In its eleventhShow MoreRelatedCommunication Between African American Mothers and Their Daughters1740 Words   |  7 Pagesand comprehending each other intended message. According to Belgrave (2009), majority of girls report positive relationships with their mothers. Most girls learn from their mothers. This is because mothers teach and socialize with their daughters regarding any facet of her life, including behaving like a female, being a mother, caring for others. More importantly, mothers teach their daughters about sexuality and health (Tamis-Lemonda, Briggs, McClowry, Snow, 2009). Mothers also teach their daughtersRead MoreThe Documentaries Killing Us Softly 4 Essay1252 Words   |  6 Pagesin mind, media, particularly the music video and advertisement industry, are essential parts of contemporary socialization, especially involving the perpetuation of gender roles in our culture. At a very young age, ch ildren learn, without difficulty, the differences between boys and girls, and what standards they are held to. Women are often objectified, systematically demoralized, and dehumanized in the music video industry and mainstream advertisement. External forces, such as the media, not onlyRead MoreSocial Media s Influence On Gendered Adolescents1506 Words   |  7 Pagesacross the 4 dimensions we have discovered and made the relation on how social media establishes such a significant influence on gendered adolescents. Teens rely heavily on social media in regards to establishing appropriate gendered behaviour. The consequence of this is media withholds a heteronormativity notion, which implies any romantic relationships consisting of opposite sexes are seen as abnormal. Therefore, social media exposes heavily of society’s norms and anything aside from what’s expectedRead MoreMedia s Growing Sexualization Of Women1402 Words   |  6 PagesIf you turn on the television or flip through a fashion magazine, it is very likely you will presented with many displays of hypersexualization of girls and women in advertising images and in media. There are many components to sexualization. It occurs, according to the American Psychological Association, when â€Å"a person’s value comes only from his or her sexual appeal or behavior, to the exclusion of other characteristics.† This person is held to a standard that equates physical attractiveness withRead MoreImpact of Media on Teenagers3405 Words   |  14 Pagestelevision, radio, print and the Internet influence teenage attitudes, self-image and behaviors. Negative effects of media emphasis on thinness. Relationship between media self-esteem. How film, TV music affirm the validity of sexual activity for teens; alcohol use. Aggression violence. Paper Introduction: The Effect of Media on Teenagers The media exerts an enormous, almost a normative influence, over the lives of men, women, adolescents and children. It influences, particularly among teenagers, theRead MoreEffects of Media on Women and Children2408 Words   |  10 PagesThe Effect of the Media on Women and Girls Mass media creates unrealistic, unhealthy portrayals of female sexuality, sexual health, and shows unnecessary female sexuality and nudity on an immense level. The average woman is misrepresented in the media; this is unhealthy for many women and girls. Studies show viewing sexually objectifying material contributes to eating disorders, low self-esteem, depression and body dissatisfaction. In a 1992 study of female students at Stanford University, 70%Read MoreThe Study Of Body Image1572 Words   |  7 PagesThe study of body image is a broad topic that touches many subjects including gender. However, the study of body image has been focused mainly on females. This is because the physical shape and image of male bodies have not changed over the history. From the ancient Greek until the modern era, the masculinity is the predominant stereotype for men. Masculine traits include courage, independence and assertiveness (Judith, 2001; Murray, 2000). In contrast to the male body, the female figures have beenRead MoreEssay about Todays Adolescents: A Look at Sexual Development4190 Words   |  17 PagesToday’s Adolescent: a look at Sexual Development Puberty What role does early puberty play in sex? As childhood slowly fades away and the signs of puberty becomes apparent on the young adolescent body. During puberty the body undergoes many physical changes that seemingly just appear. For girls in the early years of adolescence may not see any secondary changes in their appearance however their ovaries began to grow. In recent years girls have been experiencing puberty at early periods ratherRead MoreSexual education programmes within school based learning have long been cause for controversy,1600 Words   |  7 Pagesparticularly in reference to which approach should be taken, what topics should be raised and at what age children should be begin to learn about sexual development and sexuality. Previously, sex education has focused on the biological development of humans however in recent years programs have shifted towards integration of sexuality and sexual health promotion in response to sexual development within children and the chan ging values of society. Sex education curriculum has often been the subject ofRead MoreAdolescent Stages of Development1500 Words   |  6 PagesAdolescent Stages of Development Adolescence is probably the most difficult period in life of every individual since it is a transitional stage between childhood and adulthood. In this period adolescents undergo significant changes in physiological, psychological and social aspects. Naturally, these changes produce a significant impact on their lifestyle, behaviour, psychology, etc. Traditionally, adolescence is considered to start at preteens, mostly from around 9-10 years of age till 19-20 years

Commonwealth Executive Power Constitutional Law Sample

Question: The High Court of Australia has in its more recent decisions of Pape v Commissioner of Taxation (2009) 238 CLR 1, Williams v Commonwealth (2012) 288 ALR 410 (Williams No 1) and Williams v Commonwealth (2014) 309 ALR 41 (Williams No 2) sought to more clearly expound and refine the scope of the S.61 Commonwealth Executive power over earlier s.61 Executive power cases, so as to maintain faith with the constitutional arrangements and principles the High Court considers as critical to the operation of the Commonwealth Constitution. Critically respond to the above statement in research essay format Answer: The scope of the S.61 Commonwealth Executive power Introduction The Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act under Section 61 states that the Commonwealth has executive power given by law (Aroney, 2009). This power that is given to the Commonwealth is stays with the Queen and can be exercised by the Governor General who is the representative of the Queen. This power widens to include the preservation and implementation of the Constitution and also the laws regarding the Commonwealth. Section 61 has been located in Chapter II of the Constitution (Bastide, 2007). This provision of the Constitution provides that the drafters of the Constitution mask and not prescribe the working of the executive (Renfree, 1984). This section further provides the people who can exercise this executive power. It further states that the power of the executive ranges from the maintenance as well as the execution of the Constitution and also the Commonwealth rules and regulations. The scope of this policymaking power of the Commonwealth recently went through a number of changes with regard to the cases of Williams v The Commonwealth of Australia Ors (Williams v The Commonwealth of Australia Ors, [2012]) and Pape v Commissioner of Taxation, (Pape v Commissioner of Taxation, [2009]) and Williams v Commonwealth (2014) (Williams v The Commonwealth of Australia Ors, [2014]). Critical Analysis The High Court of Australia gave a landmark ruling in the case of Williams v The Commonwealth of Australia Ors, with regard to the matters that are pending under section 61 of the Constitution of Australia. In another case of Pape v Commissioner of Taxation, , the matter was regarding the legality of the Tax Bonus for Working Australians Act (No 2) 2009 (Cth) that provided an on-off payment with regard to the $900 to the Australian taxpayers (Aph.gov.au, 2015). The contemporary times have witnessed considerable discussion regarding the policymaking power of the Commonwealth and the extent to which this power is independent of the Parliament (Spry, 1996). The debate with regard to the role of the Executive Government in the process of treaty making is such an example. Further, the executive can even without having the approval of the Parliament modify the allowances of the Parliamentarian or the members of the Executive. Essentially, there are concerns that the decision-making power is gradually increasing and the power of the Parliament is slowly decreasing. Further there also have been suggestions that if the country of Australia became a Republic there were chances that the executive power would be increased even more. Williams v Commonwealth The High Court had decided in the given case of Williams v Commonwealth and this was a landmark decision on the administrative power of the Commonwealth. In the case an agreement for funding that existed between the Australian Commonwealth and Scripture Union of the Queensland, with regard to the services for chaplaincy at a Queensland State school. This provision was tested by a person who was the father of four students attending that school. The challenge that was made by the father had based its root cause on the fact that the particular arrangement could not be supported by the provisions under 61 given in the Constitution. On the issue a special case was submitted for determination. The questions that were raised was whether the father had a stand for challenging the Agreement for Funding, whether the Funding Agreement was illegal since it was not within the executive power given under the Commonwealth that is provided under Section 61 of the Constitution and prohibited under section 116 of the Constitution, whether the money drawn under the agreement was authorized in accordance to the Appropriation Acts and whether the payments made in accordance to the Agreement were ahead of the power given under section 61 of the Constitution or is banned under section 116 of the Constitution (Gerangelos, 2012). The decision of the High Court was that the father had the stand to challenge whether the Funding Agreement was valid. Further the High Court had held that the Funding Agreement along with the payments that are made to the SUQ that was made under the Agreement was not valid since it was not within the power of the Commonwealth. The High Court had further stated that when the statutory authority was not present, the provisions of Section 61 did not give the power to the Commonwealth to enter into Agreement for Funding or make any such tested payments. Further, the Court had in majority stated that the executive power of the Commonwealth under section 61 did not include the power of the Commonwealth to do what the Parliament would make the executive to do. Additionally, the High Court collectively discharged that particular portion of the challenge. The decision of the High Court was that the school chaplain that was occupied by the SUO for providing services in the school does not have any office in the Commonwealth. Further with regard to the third question that was asked, the unanimous decision of the High Court was that the question itself was totally unnecessary (Selway, n.d.). With a majority of six judges, the High Court had favored the father in the case. However in a dissent, Justice Heydon had stated that the plaintiff did not have any stand with regard to the payments from the Consolidated Revenue Fund. Pape v Commissioner of Taxation The Decision-making power of the Commonwealth again came under scrutiny in the case of Pape v Commissioner of Taxation. In this case, the plaintiff was a lecturer in the field of law and also a attorney who had signified himself in the Court of law. The ground on which the case was challenged was that the with regard to the payments in the legislation, which is considered to be a tax bonus and the actual gift was not maintained by the power of taxation in the Constitution. The argument given by the Constitution was that the legislation was maintained by the amalgamation of the appropriation power provided in section 81 of the Constitution, section 51(ii) with regard to the taxation power, section 51(xxix) with regard to the external affairs power, section 51 (i) with regard to the power on trade and commerce and the power of implied nationhood. Regarding the case, the primary issue was that whether the plaintiff could seek the relief that was claimed by him. The Commonwealth stated that the plaintiff had the contention that the payment that was made to him in accordance to the Bonus Act was contrary to law (Kumarasingham, 2014). However, it was submitted that the plaintiff did not have sufficient attention to disagree that the wider issue with regard to the Bonus Act was not lawful and was void when applied to the other people. However, the members of the Court did not accept the submission. The Court found that the sum of the bonus to be paid that was made to the plaintiff was indeed unlawful and this was due to the fact that the act was void and would be obligatory in future disagreements that concern the validity of the Bonus Act (LINDELL, n.d.). Additionally, if the tax bonus would be held invalid then the total billion tax bonus would also become invalid. The standing of the plaintiff was fresh and that his financial interests would become affected in the negative manner in case he has success in the case. The Commonwealth had further argued that under section 81 of the Constitution the legislative power is given to Commonwealth for making laws in order to appropriate money. Further the Commonwealth argued that appropriation with regard to the Commonwealth was to be determined by the Parliament and that the power of the Parliament for making laws was unlimited. The High Court had collectively rejected the Commonwealths contention under section 81 of the Constitution (Brennan, 1997) which had provided the Commonwealth power to spend as well as appropriate money. One of the judges had held that the logic as well as the text concerning the sections 81 and 83 is contrary to the characterization as a source of the power of appropriation and the spending power. The High Court further believed that the money used by the Commonwealth can be undertaken under two criteria. Firstly, through legislation executing the legislative power of the Commonwealth and secondly, the policymaking power of the Commonwealth. Additionally, the High Court states that the provisions of section 81 and 83 cannot individually provide the money spend by the Commonwealth. Discussion Keeping aside the pronouncements of the High Court with regard to the provisions of the Constitution, the scholars have stated that this decision of the High Court raised a few questions with regard to the spending power of the Commonwealth and whether it is or is not supported by the legislation. Scholars have further stated that the Commonwealth has generally made lot of money in unlawful payments and it is one of the unusual cases where the decision of the High Court would ultimately change the way in which the government operates (Lawson, n.d.). The case of Williams v Commonwealth, had an immense effect on the supervisory role that is in present played by the two Houses of Parliament and their respective committees along with the officers with regard to the contracts by the government and public money payment for instance, the Joint Committee of Public Accounts and Audit and Joint Parliamentary Standing Committee on Public Works. It must be noted that even when the remedial legislation is to be upheld by any one of the houses, any regulations that specify the arrangements may be disallowed where the money is paid by the Commonwealth or those classes of arrangements which the government can enter, by either of them and this particular thing applies to the payment of the money that is made to the public funds. As a result of this, there arises the need to give both or any one of the Houses of Parliament the advice and guidance in accordance to the system and this would be provided in order to disallow the general regulations and the legislations. Conclusion As concluding remarks it may be stated that the decisions of the High Court in these two cases had a severe impact on the executive power of the Commonwealth. These two cases act as reminder for the Commonwealth that it is a fact that the Court has moved quite a distant with regard to uphold the central power which was evident in the Work Choices Case (New South Wales v Commonwealth, [2006]), it must also be noted that with regard to the federal limits on spending and expenditure and the exercise of the central power, it should be made with regard to the sanction given by the Parliament. The decision-making power of the Commonwealth that is exercised may not be adequate when it is exercised by the non-coercive governmental activity and do not interfere with the individuals rights and also do not breach the laws of the land. References Aph.gov.au, (2015).The Executive Power of the commonwealth: its scope and limits Parliament of Australia. [online] Available at: https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/RP9596/96rp28 [Accessed 3 Mar. 2015]. Aroney, N. (2009).The constitution of a federal commonwealth. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Bastide, M. (2007). Judicial Supervision of Executive Action in the Commonwealth Caribbean.Commonwealth Law Bulletin, 33(2), pp.177-189. Brennan, G. (1997).The Parliament, the Executive and the Courts: Roles and Immunities. [online] gtcentre. Available at: https://www.gtcentre.unsw.edu.au/sites/gtcentre.unsw.edu.au/files/2011%20Con%20Law%20Conference%20Paper%20D%20Kerr_0.pdf [Accessed 3 Mar. 2015]. Gerangelos, P. (2012). The Executive Power of the Commonwealth of Australia: Section 61 of the Commonwealth Constitution, 'nationhood' and the Future of the Prerogative.Oxford University Commonwealth Law Journal, 12(1), pp.97-131. Kumarasingham, H. (2014). Prime Ministers in power: political leadership in Britain and Australia.Commonwealth Comparative Politics, 52(3), pp.443-445. Lawson, C. (n.d.). Regulating Executive Power Under the Australian Commonwealth Framework.SSRN Journal. LINDELL, G. (n.d.).THE CHANGED LANDSCAPE OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER OF THE COMMONWEALTH AFTER THE WILLIAMS CASE. [online] monash. Available at: https://www.law.monash.edu.au/about-us/publications/monlr/issues/past/vol-39-2-lindell.pdf [Accessed 3 Mar. 2015]. New South Wales v Commonwealth[2006]HCA p.52. Pape v Commissioner of Taxation[2009]CLR 238, p.1. Renfree, H. (1984).The executive power of the Commonwealth of Australia. Sydney: Legal Books. Selway, B. (n.d.).All at sea constitutional assumptions and 'the executive power of the commonwealth. [online] anu. Available at: https://flr.law.anu.edu.au/sites/flr.anulaw.anu.edu.au/files/flr/Selway_1.pdf [Accessed 3 Mar. 2015]. Spry, M. (1996).The executive power of the Commonwealth. [Canberra]: Dept. of the Parliamentary Library. Williams v Commonwealth[2014]ALR 309, p.41. Williams v The Commonwealth of Australia Ors[2012]HCA p.23.

Northwest Passage an Example by

Northwest Passage Among any other regions around the globe, it is the arctic region that is vulnerable the most to climate change and the effects can immediately be seen on the economic, social, environmental and physical aspects of the arctic region. It was identified that around 5oC is the warming trend in the arctic region based on the recent data collected which is very much detrimental for the welfare of the said region. Actually, the warming of the arctic region is only concentrated at latitudes north of 70o and this phenomenon is pronounced in Eurasian arctic area based from various model simulations used by researchers not to mention that the distribution of sea-ice has been decreasing from 3-5% per decade for the past thirty years (Shimmield 1-2). Moreover, it is being expected by the authorities that the sea-ice season will start to become short due to the said significant increase in the temperature of the said region. Even during the autumn and winter season, seasons wherein thick sea-ice is being expected, the extent of sea-ice exhibits slight downward trend for the past decades. Need essay sample on "Northwest Passage" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Furthermore, the said increase in the temperature of the arctic region causes negative effects on the equilibrium condition of arctic food web since sea-ice plays a vital role in the production of algae which serves as the food for many aquatic animals living in the said region (Clarke & Harris 9-10). In this regard, a lot of marine animals in the arctic region are already on the brink of experiencing food shortages due to the unsuitable nature of arctic water for the production of algae which can eventually affect the number of marine animals in the next coming years in the said region. Aside from this, the depletion of ozone reduces the photosynthesis in the surfaces of arctic waters from 10-15% which might boost the decrease of the number of marine animals in the arctic region due to food shortages. In this regard, a lot of foreign policies have been implemented by various concerned countries to minimize the effect of climate change to the welfare of arctic region (Becket, et al. 5-7). Aside from the raised negative effects of temperature raise in the arctic region, it also provides gains on the part of the commercial shipping lines. The diminishing extent of sea-ice in the arctic region might provide an avenue for the region to become navigable for longer periods in the near future. In short, the arctic region can now be used more often by commercial shipping line when traveling from the Southeast Asia to Western Europe (Christensen 6-7). It was identified that the travel route from the Southeast Asia going to Western Europe via Panama Canal equals 12, 600 nautical miles; while on the other hand, the travel route from Southeast Asia going to Western Europe via the Northwest Passage of the Canadian Arctic is only 7,900 nautical miles (Macnab 1-2). Imagine the significant cut on the travel time a commercial shipping company could get if the arctic region can be more often navigable. With the said decrease in the navigational time required to travel from the Southeas t Asia to Western Europe would provide lower operational cost on the part of the commercial shipping lines in moving cargo between the said two regions. Moreover, the reduction on the thickness of sea-ice in the arctic region would give way for the easy extraction of hydrocarbons and minerals on the Canadian Arctic, as well as it provide ease on loading the said resources into the holds of bulk carriers that will be transport to southern markets. Furthermore, the said increase in the navigability of the arctic region might provide greater trading transaction between the Southeast Asia and Western Europe which later on will provide impressive economic growth on both regions. In this regard, even though there are a lot of negative effects that global warming imposes on the welfare of the arctic region, to some extent there are still benefits that can be derived out of the said phenomenon to think that most of the negative effects that scientist has been raising regarding global warming are still speculations and can only be verified in the near future. References Becket, Emily, Kelmelis, John, & Kirtland, Sandra "Workshop on the Foreign Policy Implications of Arctic Warming." U.S. Geological Survey. (2005): 5-7 Clarke, Andrew, & Harris, Colin M. "Polar Marine Ecosystems: Major Threats and Future Change." Foundation for Environmental Conservation. (2002): 9-10 Christensen, Kyle D. "Arctic Maritime Security and Defense: Canadian Northern Opportunities and Challenges." Defense R&D Canada Operational Research Division. (2005): 6-7 Macnab, Ron "Canada's Arctic Waterways: Future Shipping Crossroads." Canadian Polar Commission. (2004): 1-2 Shimmield, Graham "Climate Change and Human Impacts on the Marine Environment and Ecosystems of the Arctic." Scottish Association for Marine Science. (2005): 1-2