Women and Substance Abuse (Why) Essay - 941 Words

Chapter 14 and the DSM IV defines substance abuse as â€Å"a maladaptive pattern of substance use manifested by recurrent and significant adverse consequences related to the repeated use of substances† (Ashman, 4th edition 2013, pg. 442). When researching my paper I decided to find the differences, if any, between women and male substance abusers. While researching for the ERA capstone project we did for human services, I found that causes of addiction in women was due to poverty, abuse, lack of resources and other reasons that all can be contributed to inequality of women in our society. The main reason women become addicted is due to self-medicating. I had a range of questions I began asking myself, and decided to do more research. Then I†¦show more content†¦This goes back to the theory that most women turn to substances for self-medicating purposes due to unresolved traumas or events in their lives. Women’s addiction is also different because women not only self-medicate because of traumatic events, but also to function as a working mother/woman in a fast paced world. According to, â€Å"The DASIS Report (May 2005)† women were less likely than men to detoxify. One reason is because they are in denial and try to rationalize their substance abuse. So they are less likely to seek help unless it is court ordered because children were involved. SAMSHA, stated that as of 2008, 1/3 of the population being treated for substance abuse were women. According to SAMSHA’s November/December 2008 Newsletter, 6.9 million women are not receiving treatment. Approximately, 94% feel they do not need treatment. This has been a drastic increase over the past 10years. SAMSHA also revealed that women have more barriers when seeking treatment such as, young children, poverty, low-income, stigmatization and have the inability to pay for treatment. This goes back to pay in-equality and the Equal Rights Amendment. According to SAMSHA, studies have estimated that between 5 and 35 percent of women receiving Temporary Aid to Needy Families (TANF) have a substance abuse problem that can impede their ability to work. SAMSHA also states, that if appropriate treatment is not received, su bstance abusing women are extremely limited when it comes toShow MoreRelatedSubstance Abuse And Domestic Violence Essay1670 Words   |  7 PagesIn this paper I will be addressing the correlation that is between substance abuse and domestic violence. There are many factors that play a role in why domestic violence occurs in a home; this paper will be focusing on the factor of drug abuse in particularly. Early on in the course we learned that domestic violence does not only pertain to intimate partner violence but also to child abuse, elder abuse, and any other abuse of a person that occurs with inside the home. I will be providing researchRead MoreSubstance Abuse And Its Effects1707 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to Dictionary.com, substance abuse is defined as a â€Å"long-term, pathological use of alcohol or drugs, characterized by daily intoxication, inability to reduce consumption, and impairment in social or occupational functioning; broadly, alcohol or drug addiction (dicti onary.com).† Substance use can include anything from alcohol to any variety of drugs, prescription or illicit. Responsible alcohol use is considered being no more than 3 drinks for a woman and no more than 5 for a man in aRead MoreMany Women Across The World Cause Complications To Their1657 Words   |  7 PagesMany women across the world cause complications to their unborn child when they choose to abuse substance. There are many types of substance abuse such as alcohol, tobacco, and drug abuse. Most likely when women choose to engage in these types of activities it causes harm to the child and birth defects. Long term and short term deformities and conditions are present in the child. Other factors play a part into why women abuse, substance such as stress, depression, and mental issues. More treatmentRead MoreForensic Psychology And Crime And Substance Abuse847 Words   |  4 Pagespsychology is a solid reference to crime and substance abuse. Criminal behavior is an ev il thought however substance abuse is a disease. One will certainly need a better understanding to an individual’s crime that would cause one to commit them. Did the drugs make him/her do it? Psychology, biology, and criminology fall within the evolution in forensic psychology. Race, sex, and poverty plays a pivotal role when a crime is committed within a specific group such as women, or men. In addition the behavior ofRead MoreSubstance Abuse During The 20th Century1422 Words   |  6 Pages Substance Abuse in Women Description of the Group Towards the end of the 20th century, most of the studies focusing on substance abuse focused on the needs of men. This means that the percentage of women affected by substance abuse remained unknown for several decades. In the recent past, studies have been done to analyze the psychological, health, and economic challenges affecting women who abuse different substances (National Institute of Drug Abuse, 2015). This marginalized groupRead MoreTrauma And Substance Abuse : A Literature Review1023 Words   |  5 PagesTrauma-Informed Approaches to Substance Abuse Issues in Women: A Literature Review Ashley M. Mosgrove Simmons College Introduction The purpose of this literature review is to explore trauma-informed approaches to substance abuse interventions and to identify gaps in the literature that would benefit from further research in this area. Trauma and Substance Abuse Trauma can be defined as an event or experience that hinders an individual’s ability to cope (Covington, 2008). These experiencesRead More Eating Disorders And Substance Abuse Essay1636 Words   |  7 PagesEating Disorders And Substance Abuse Common Eating Disorders: The two most common eating disorders are bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa. Both disorders, primarily affect young women, therefore the majority of the research on eating disorders has been done with women subjects. The onset of bulimia is between adolescence and early adulthood while the onset of anorexia is between early and late adolescence. Not only is the onset different but the disorders are unique. Bulimia nervosa isRead MoreSubstance Abuse - Social Pandemic1653 Words   |  7 Pagescontinues, substance abuse across America has become a very serious social problem. It is mental illness that has an effect on different races, classes and genders. The affects of substance abuse has caused countless of people to feel heartache and develop feelings of hopelessness. With alcohol and drugs readily available through prescription or on the streets (Butler,2010), it is obvious why many are acquiring addictive patterns to these accessible substances, and that the continual abuse o f theseRead MoreAddicted To Drugs Essay1071 Words   |  5 PagesAddicted to Drugs: Should we Charge Mothers with Child Abuse? In the United States we have been facing an epidemic with opioid use and addiction. According to The American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), the rate of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) in the neonatal intensive care units (NICU) have increased from 7 cases per 1,000 admissions in 2004 to 27 cases per 1,000 admissions in 2013. NAS is a syndrome that happens when a baby is exposed to drugs in the womb. To go alongRead MoreHow Substance Abuse Negatively Affects The Baby While During1328 Words   |  6 PagesHow substance abuse negatively affects the baby while during a woman’s pregnancy. Many women across the world cause complications to their unborn child when they choose to abuse substance. There are many types of substance abuse such as alcohol, tobacco, and drug abuse. Most likely when women choose to engage in these types of activities it causes harm to the child and birth defects. Long term and short term deformities and conditions are present in the child. Other factors play a part into why

Medias Influence on Adolescent Girls Body Image, Identity...

Medias Influence on Adolescent Girls Body Image, Identity and Sexuality Missing Sources Cited nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Gender Identity begins in early childhood when roles are given to children as to which toys they should play or not play with. A child’s body image is influenced by how people around her react to her body and how she looks. A pre-adolescent becomes more aware of what society’s standards are for the ideal body. The media has always had images of what the ideal woman should be. As in the way she should look and the way she acts. The media today does and doesn’t always depict what is good for an adolescent or pre-adolescent to believe about themselves. There are also many good influences from the media. Role models such†¦show more content†¦It’s almost impossible to ignore the many images of thin beautiful women. When turning the pages of a popular magazine, women are being invited by the ads and spreads to look a certain way, thin. What girls don’t see is that the average size of women today is a size 16 not a 6. Mode ls look beautiful for a reason. They have hair stylists, makeup artists, wardrobe people, and skin care specialists to make them look that way. Besides that they have the best photographers in the world. Beauty and fashion ads don’t just sell a product they sell a lifestyle. Many adolescents can be influenced to have a positive body image despite all of the negative media influences. Many magazines designed especially for adolescent girls, such as American Girl, focus on positive outlooks on the young girl’s lifestyle. American Girl Magazine says â€Å"Girls in this age group are more curious about the world than ever before. They’re beginning to consider the impact they can have on the people around them, on the environment, and on their future. All the while, they’re undergoing profound biological changes. Adolescent girls are entering one of the most challenging and complex phases of her life so far. Our advice titles include expert guidance on seriou s topics, such as The Care amp; Keeping of You and Staying Home Alone. In its eleventhShow MoreRelatedCommunication Between African American Mothers and Their Daughters1740 Words   |  7 Pagesand comprehending each other intended message. According to Belgrave (2009), majority of girls report positive relationships with their mothers. Most girls learn from their mothers. This is because mothers teach and socialize with their daughters regarding any facet of her life, including behaving like a female, being a mother, caring for others. More importantly, mothers teach their daughters about sexuality and health (Tamis-Lemonda, Briggs, McClowry, Snow, 2009). Mothers also teach their daughtersRead MoreThe Documentaries Killing Us Softly 4 Essay1252 Words   |  6 Pagesin mind, media, particularly the music video and advertisement industry, are essential parts of contemporary socialization, especially involving the perpetuation of gender roles in our culture. At a very young age, ch ildren learn, without difficulty, the differences between boys and girls, and what standards they are held to. Women are often objectified, systematically demoralized, and dehumanized in the music video industry and mainstream advertisement. External forces, such as the media, not onlyRead MoreSocial Media s Influence On Gendered Adolescents1506 Words   |  7 Pagesacross the 4 dimensions we have discovered and made the relation on how social media establishes such a significant influence on gendered adolescents. Teens rely heavily on social media in regards to establishing appropriate gendered behaviour. The consequence of this is media withholds a heteronormativity notion, which implies any romantic relationships consisting of opposite sexes are seen as abnormal. Therefore, social media exposes heavily of society’s norms and anything aside from what’s expectedRead MoreMedia s Growing Sexualization Of Women1402 Words   |  6 PagesIf you turn on the television or flip through a fashion magazine, it is very likely you will presented with many displays of hypersexualization of girls and women in advertising images and in media. There are many components to sexualization. It occurs, according to the American Psychological Association, when â€Å"a person’s value comes only from his or her sexual appeal or behavior, to the exclusion of other characteristics.† This person is held to a standard that equates physical attractiveness withRead MoreImpact of Media on Teenagers3405 Words   |  14 Pagestelevision, radio, print and the Internet influence teenage attitudes, self-image and behaviors. Negative effects of media emphasis on thinness. Relationship between media self-esteem. How film, TV music affirm the validity of sexual activity for teens; alcohol use. Aggression violence. Paper Introduction: The Effect of Media on Teenagers The media exerts an enormous, almost a normative influence, over the lives of men, women, adolescents and children. It influences, particularly among teenagers, theRead MoreEffects of Media on Women and Children2408 Words   |  10 PagesThe Effect of the Media on Women and Girls Mass media creates unrealistic, unhealthy portrayals of female sexuality, sexual health, and shows unnecessary female sexuality and nudity on an immense level. The average woman is misrepresented in the media; this is unhealthy for many women and girls. Studies show viewing sexually objectifying material contributes to eating disorders, low self-esteem, depression and body dissatisfaction. In a 1992 study of female students at Stanford University, 70%Read MoreThe Study Of Body Image1572 Words   |  7 PagesThe study of body image is a broad topic that touches many subjects including gender. However, the study of body image has been focused mainly on females. This is because the physical shape and image of male bodies have not changed over the history. From the ancient Greek until the modern era, the masculinity is the predominant stereotype for men. Masculine traits include courage, independence and assertiveness (Judith, 2001; Murray, 2000). In contrast to the male body, the female figures have beenRead MoreEssay about Todays Adolescents: A Look at Sexual Development4190 Words   |  17 PagesToday’s Adolescent: a look at Sexual Development Puberty What role does early puberty play in sex? As childhood slowly fades away and the signs of puberty becomes apparent on the young adolescent body. During puberty the body undergoes many physical changes that seemingly just appear. For girls in the early years of adolescence may not see any secondary changes in their appearance however their ovaries began to grow. In recent years girls have been experiencing puberty at early periods ratherRead MoreSexual education programmes within school based learning have long been cause for controversy,1600 Words   |  7 Pagesparticularly in reference to which approach should be taken, what topics should be raised and at what age children should be begin to learn about sexual development and sexuality. Previously, sex education has focused on the biological development of humans however in recent years programs have shifted towards integration of sexuality and sexual health promotion in response to sexual development within children and the chan ging values of society. Sex education curriculum has often been the subject ofRead MoreAdolescent Stages of Development1500 Words   |  6 PagesAdolescent Stages of Development Adolescence is probably the most difficult period in life of every individual since it is a transitional stage between childhood and adulthood. In this period adolescents undergo significant changes in physiological, psychological and social aspects. Naturally, these changes produce a significant impact on their lifestyle, behaviour, psychology, etc. Traditionally, adolescence is considered to start at preteens, mostly from around 9-10 years of age till 19-20 years

Commonwealth Executive Power Constitutional Law Sample

Question: The High Court of Australia has in its more recent decisions of Pape v Commissioner of Taxation (2009) 238 CLR 1, Williams v Commonwealth (2012) 288 ALR 410 (Williams No 1) and Williams v Commonwealth (2014) 309 ALR 41 (Williams No 2) sought to more clearly expound and refine the scope of the S.61 Commonwealth Executive power over earlier s.61 Executive power cases, so as to maintain faith with the constitutional arrangements and principles the High Court considers as critical to the operation of the Commonwealth Constitution. Critically respond to the above statement in research essay format Answer: The scope of the S.61 Commonwealth Executive power Introduction The Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act under Section 61 states that the Commonwealth has executive power given by law (Aroney, 2009). This power that is given to the Commonwealth is stays with the Queen and can be exercised by the Governor General who is the representative of the Queen. This power widens to include the preservation and implementation of the Constitution and also the laws regarding the Commonwealth. Section 61 has been located in Chapter II of the Constitution (Bastide, 2007). This provision of the Constitution provides that the drafters of the Constitution mask and not prescribe the working of the executive (Renfree, 1984). This section further provides the people who can exercise this executive power. It further states that the power of the executive ranges from the maintenance as well as the execution of the Constitution and also the Commonwealth rules and regulations. The scope of this policymaking power of the Commonwealth recently went through a number of changes with regard to the cases of Williams v The Commonwealth of Australia Ors (Williams v The Commonwealth of Australia Ors, [2012]) and Pape v Commissioner of Taxation, (Pape v Commissioner of Taxation, [2009]) and Williams v Commonwealth (2014) (Williams v The Commonwealth of Australia Ors, [2014]). Critical Analysis The High Court of Australia gave a landmark ruling in the case of Williams v The Commonwealth of Australia Ors, with regard to the matters that are pending under section 61 of the Constitution of Australia. In another case of Pape v Commissioner of Taxation, , the matter was regarding the legality of the Tax Bonus for Working Australians Act (No 2) 2009 (Cth) that provided an on-off payment with regard to the $900 to the Australian taxpayers (Aph.gov.au, 2015). The contemporary times have witnessed considerable discussion regarding the policymaking power of the Commonwealth and the extent to which this power is independent of the Parliament (Spry, 1996). The debate with regard to the role of the Executive Government in the process of treaty making is such an example. Further, the executive can even without having the approval of the Parliament modify the allowances of the Parliamentarian or the members of the Executive. Essentially, there are concerns that the decision-making power is gradually increasing and the power of the Parliament is slowly decreasing. Further there also have been suggestions that if the country of Australia became a Republic there were chances that the executive power would be increased even more. Williams v Commonwealth The High Court had decided in the given case of Williams v Commonwealth and this was a landmark decision on the administrative power of the Commonwealth. In the case an agreement for funding that existed between the Australian Commonwealth and Scripture Union of the Queensland, with regard to the services for chaplaincy at a Queensland State school. This provision was tested by a person who was the father of four students attending that school. The challenge that was made by the father had based its root cause on the fact that the particular arrangement could not be supported by the provisions under 61 given in the Constitution. On the issue a special case was submitted for determination. The questions that were raised was whether the father had a stand for challenging the Agreement for Funding, whether the Funding Agreement was illegal since it was not within the executive power given under the Commonwealth that is provided under Section 61 of the Constitution and prohibited under section 116 of the Constitution, whether the money drawn under the agreement was authorized in accordance to the Appropriation Acts and whether the payments made in accordance to the Agreement were ahead of the power given under section 61 of the Constitution or is banned under section 116 of the Constitution (Gerangelos, 2012). The decision of the High Court was that the father had the stand to challenge whether the Funding Agreement was valid. Further the High Court had held that the Funding Agreement along with the payments that are made to the SUQ that was made under the Agreement was not valid since it was not within the power of the Commonwealth. The High Court had further stated that when the statutory authority was not present, the provisions of Section 61 did not give the power to the Commonwealth to enter into Agreement for Funding or make any such tested payments. Further, the Court had in majority stated that the executive power of the Commonwealth under section 61 did not include the power of the Commonwealth to do what the Parliament would make the executive to do. Additionally, the High Court collectively discharged that particular portion of the challenge. The decision of the High Court was that the school chaplain that was occupied by the SUO for providing services in the school does not have any office in the Commonwealth. Further with regard to the third question that was asked, the unanimous decision of the High Court was that the question itself was totally unnecessary (Selway, n.d.). With a majority of six judges, the High Court had favored the father in the case. However in a dissent, Justice Heydon had stated that the plaintiff did not have any stand with regard to the payments from the Consolidated Revenue Fund. Pape v Commissioner of Taxation The Decision-making power of the Commonwealth again came under scrutiny in the case of Pape v Commissioner of Taxation. In this case, the plaintiff was a lecturer in the field of law and also a attorney who had signified himself in the Court of law. The ground on which the case was challenged was that the with regard to the payments in the legislation, which is considered to be a tax bonus and the actual gift was not maintained by the power of taxation in the Constitution. The argument given by the Constitution was that the legislation was maintained by the amalgamation of the appropriation power provided in section 81 of the Constitution, section 51(ii) with regard to the taxation power, section 51(xxix) with regard to the external affairs power, section 51 (i) with regard to the power on trade and commerce and the power of implied nationhood. Regarding the case, the primary issue was that whether the plaintiff could seek the relief that was claimed by him. The Commonwealth stated that the plaintiff had the contention that the payment that was made to him in accordance to the Bonus Act was contrary to law (Kumarasingham, 2014). However, it was submitted that the plaintiff did not have sufficient attention to disagree that the wider issue with regard to the Bonus Act was not lawful and was void when applied to the other people. However, the members of the Court did not accept the submission. The Court found that the sum of the bonus to be paid that was made to the plaintiff was indeed unlawful and this was due to the fact that the act was void and would be obligatory in future disagreements that concern the validity of the Bonus Act (LINDELL, n.d.). Additionally, if the tax bonus would be held invalid then the total billion tax bonus would also become invalid. The standing of the plaintiff was fresh and that his financial interests would become affected in the negative manner in case he has success in the case. The Commonwealth had further argued that under section 81 of the Constitution the legislative power is given to Commonwealth for making laws in order to appropriate money. Further the Commonwealth argued that appropriation with regard to the Commonwealth was to be determined by the Parliament and that the power of the Parliament for making laws was unlimited. The High Court had collectively rejected the Commonwealths contention under section 81 of the Constitution (Brennan, 1997) which had provided the Commonwealth power to spend as well as appropriate money. One of the judges had held that the logic as well as the text concerning the sections 81 and 83 is contrary to the characterization as a source of the power of appropriation and the spending power. The High Court further believed that the money used by the Commonwealth can be undertaken under two criteria. Firstly, through legislation executing the legislative power of the Commonwealth and secondly, the policymaking power of the Commonwealth. Additionally, the High Court states that the provisions of section 81 and 83 cannot individually provide the money spend by the Commonwealth. Discussion Keeping aside the pronouncements of the High Court with regard to the provisions of the Constitution, the scholars have stated that this decision of the High Court raised a few questions with regard to the spending power of the Commonwealth and whether it is or is not supported by the legislation. Scholars have further stated that the Commonwealth has generally made lot of money in unlawful payments and it is one of the unusual cases where the decision of the High Court would ultimately change the way in which the government operates (Lawson, n.d.). The case of Williams v Commonwealth, had an immense effect on the supervisory role that is in present played by the two Houses of Parliament and their respective committees along with the officers with regard to the contracts by the government and public money payment for instance, the Joint Committee of Public Accounts and Audit and Joint Parliamentary Standing Committee on Public Works. It must be noted that even when the remedial legislation is to be upheld by any one of the houses, any regulations that specify the arrangements may be disallowed where the money is paid by the Commonwealth or those classes of arrangements which the government can enter, by either of them and this particular thing applies to the payment of the money that is made to the public funds. As a result of this, there arises the need to give both or any one of the Houses of Parliament the advice and guidance in accordance to the system and this would be provided in order to disallow the general regulations and the legislations. Conclusion As concluding remarks it may be stated that the decisions of the High Court in these two cases had a severe impact on the executive power of the Commonwealth. These two cases act as reminder for the Commonwealth that it is a fact that the Court has moved quite a distant with regard to uphold the central power which was evident in the Work Choices Case (New South Wales v Commonwealth, [2006]), it must also be noted that with regard to the federal limits on spending and expenditure and the exercise of the central power, it should be made with regard to the sanction given by the Parliament. The decision-making power of the Commonwealth that is exercised may not be adequate when it is exercised by the non-coercive governmental activity and do not interfere with the individuals rights and also do not breach the laws of the land. References Aph.gov.au, (2015).The Executive Power of the commonwealth: its scope and limits Parliament of Australia. [online] Available at: https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/RP9596/96rp28 [Accessed 3 Mar. 2015]. Aroney, N. (2009).The constitution of a federal commonwealth. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Bastide, M. (2007). Judicial Supervision of Executive Action in the Commonwealth Caribbean.Commonwealth Law Bulletin, 33(2), pp.177-189. Brennan, G. (1997).The Parliament, the Executive and the Courts: Roles and Immunities. [online] gtcentre. Available at: https://www.gtcentre.unsw.edu.au/sites/gtcentre.unsw.edu.au/files/2011%20Con%20Law%20Conference%20Paper%20D%20Kerr_0.pdf [Accessed 3 Mar. 2015]. Gerangelos, P. (2012). The Executive Power of the Commonwealth of Australia: Section 61 of the Commonwealth Constitution, 'nationhood' and the Future of the Prerogative.Oxford University Commonwealth Law Journal, 12(1), pp.97-131. Kumarasingham, H. (2014). Prime Ministers in power: political leadership in Britain and Australia.Commonwealth Comparative Politics, 52(3), pp.443-445. Lawson, C. (n.d.). Regulating Executive Power Under the Australian Commonwealth Framework.SSRN Journal. LINDELL, G. (n.d.).THE CHANGED LANDSCAPE OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER OF THE COMMONWEALTH AFTER THE WILLIAMS CASE. [online] monash. Available at: https://www.law.monash.edu.au/about-us/publications/monlr/issues/past/vol-39-2-lindell.pdf [Accessed 3 Mar. 2015]. New South Wales v Commonwealth[2006]HCA p.52. Pape v Commissioner of Taxation[2009]CLR 238, p.1. Renfree, H. (1984).The executive power of the Commonwealth of Australia. Sydney: Legal Books. Selway, B. (n.d.).All at sea constitutional assumptions and 'the executive power of the commonwealth. [online] anu. Available at: https://flr.law.anu.edu.au/sites/flr.anulaw.anu.edu.au/files/flr/Selway_1.pdf [Accessed 3 Mar. 2015]. Spry, M. (1996).The executive power of the Commonwealth. [Canberra]: Dept. of the Parliamentary Library. Williams v Commonwealth[2014]ALR 309, p.41. Williams v The Commonwealth of Australia Ors[2012]HCA p.23.

Northwest Passage an Example by

Northwest Passage Among any other regions around the globe, it is the arctic region that is vulnerable the most to climate change and the effects can immediately be seen on the economic, social, environmental and physical aspects of the arctic region. It was identified that around 5oC is the warming trend in the arctic region based on the recent data collected which is very much detrimental for the welfare of the said region. Actually, the warming of the arctic region is only concentrated at latitudes north of 70o and this phenomenon is pronounced in Eurasian arctic area based from various model simulations used by researchers not to mention that the distribution of sea-ice has been decreasing from 3-5% per decade for the past thirty years (Shimmield 1-2). Moreover, it is being expected by the authorities that the sea-ice season will start to become short due to the said significant increase in the temperature of the said region. Even during the autumn and winter season, seasons wherein thick sea-ice is being expected, the extent of sea-ice exhibits slight downward trend for the past decades. Need essay sample on "Northwest Passage" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Furthermore, the said increase in the temperature of the arctic region causes negative effects on the equilibrium condition of arctic food web since sea-ice plays a vital role in the production of algae which serves as the food for many aquatic animals living in the said region (Clarke & Harris 9-10). In this regard, a lot of marine animals in the arctic region are already on the brink of experiencing food shortages due to the unsuitable nature of arctic water for the production of algae which can eventually affect the number of marine animals in the next coming years in the said region. Aside from this, the depletion of ozone reduces the photosynthesis in the surfaces of arctic waters from 10-15% which might boost the decrease of the number of marine animals in the arctic region due to food shortages. In this regard, a lot of foreign policies have been implemented by various concerned countries to minimize the effect of climate change to the welfare of arctic region (Becket, et al. 5-7). Aside from the raised negative effects of temperature raise in the arctic region, it also provides gains on the part of the commercial shipping lines. The diminishing extent of sea-ice in the arctic region might provide an avenue for the region to become navigable for longer periods in the near future. In short, the arctic region can now be used more often by commercial shipping line when traveling from the Southeast Asia to Western Europe (Christensen 6-7). It was identified that the travel route from the Southeast Asia going to Western Europe via Panama Canal equals 12, 600 nautical miles; while on the other hand, the travel route from Southeast Asia going to Western Europe via the Northwest Passage of the Canadian Arctic is only 7,900 nautical miles (Macnab 1-2). Imagine the significant cut on the travel time a commercial shipping company could get if the arctic region can be more often navigable. With the said decrease in the navigational time required to travel from the Southeas t Asia to Western Europe would provide lower operational cost on the part of the commercial shipping lines in moving cargo between the said two regions. Moreover, the reduction on the thickness of sea-ice in the arctic region would give way for the easy extraction of hydrocarbons and minerals on the Canadian Arctic, as well as it provide ease on loading the said resources into the holds of bulk carriers that will be transport to southern markets. Furthermore, the said increase in the navigability of the arctic region might provide greater trading transaction between the Southeast Asia and Western Europe which later on will provide impressive economic growth on both regions. In this regard, even though there are a lot of negative effects that global warming imposes on the welfare of the arctic region, to some extent there are still benefits that can be derived out of the said phenomenon to think that most of the negative effects that scientist has been raising regarding global warming are still speculations and can only be verified in the near future. References Becket, Emily, Kelmelis, John, & Kirtland, Sandra "Workshop on the Foreign Policy Implications of Arctic Warming." U.S. Geological Survey. (2005): 5-7 Clarke, Andrew, & Harris, Colin M. "Polar Marine Ecosystems: Major Threats and Future Change." Foundation for Environmental Conservation. (2002): 9-10 Christensen, Kyle D. "Arctic Maritime Security and Defense: Canadian Northern Opportunities and Challenges." Defense R&D Canada Operational Research Division. (2005): 6-7 Macnab, Ron "Canada's Arctic Waterways: Future Shipping Crossroads." Canadian Polar Commission. (2004): 1-2 Shimmield, Graham "Climate Change and Human Impacts on the Marine Environment and Ecosystems of the Arctic." Scottish Association for Marine Science. (2005): 1-2

Life without electricity Essays

Life without electricity Essays Life without electricity Paper Life without electricity Paper Essay Topic: City Lights Whilst the 19th century context of these stories is very apparent, I do not believe that they make the stories too remote for the 21st century reader. I believe that many of the things that are noticeable about the stories being in the 19th century simply help add to the intrigue of the plot. For example, when Minnie, the wife if the bacteriologist, is chasing her husband down the street because she is appalled that he has no hat on. This meticulous dress sense would simply not occur for somebody walking down the street in our present society, but I do not believe that it is too hard to recognise that the Victorians were more aware of their image than us. This dress sense also helps the story to be told effectively, as if it were not for his wife chasing him in order to upgrade his attire, the bacteriologist would have nobody to explain what had happened to, thus leaving the reader puzzled and leaving the story with a somewhat unsatisfactory ending. Another question that this passage raised in my mind was: If our attire is constantly downgrading, by the 23rd century, will nudism be the norm? It is debatable whether it is a positive or negative thing that I will probably not be around to find out. Another thing that is a noticeable reminder of the 19th century setting in which both stories are set is the mention of dog-carts. Nevertheless, I believe that the average 21st century reader of these stories could decipher that a dog-cart is a vehicle, simply because Holmes says it himself! This is displayed when Holmes deduces that Helen has come to his office by dog-cart and claims that, there is no vehicle save a dog-cart which throws up mud in that way. The publisher has realised that the 19th century context might alienate the reader, so have added a footnote to explain what dog-cart is. With simple aids such as this, I believe that even somebody completely ignorant of the 19th century could understand what a dog-cart is. Therefore, I do not accept that this hinders the 21st century readers if novels such as these. Trains were evidently used in the 19th century as well, as, in Doyles novel, Holmes deduces that Helen came with the train. Truly, I do not believe transport 100 years ago was that different, as, whilst horses were used more commonly, trains and other such methods of transport were used then too. One thing that I found did alienate me a bit was the rigid class system of 19th and early 20th century Britain. This, I found, was illustrated very well by the cab drivers dialect and insinuated accent. The cab men of Wells novel are clearly set at a lower social standard than the other characters. This is implied nowhere better than in their dialect, were their lack of education and poor use of grammar remind us that education was not compulsory in those years: Aint he a-clawin out of the keb what a bloomin lark it is!  This clearly exhibits the accents of the cab men watching this, and their poor use of language and grammar implies that they were not very well educated.  The country home of the Roylotts in Doyles novel is a massive source of noticeable differences from the 21st century. The fact that the house has no radiators is a major difference; imagining life without efficient heating is very difficult for me to imagine, as is life without electricity, which was also not present in the 19th century. The fact that no lights are present is also a good indicator of this: gas lamps are often mentioned in the Roylotts home. Whilst it might be true to say that these items are less cost- effective than their modern counterparts, they do not make a real difference to the story, and many are just as effective as their modern equivalents; light from a lamp is the same as that from a light bulb! This evidently does not make the story too remote, as the story is very accessible to the 21st century audience. In summary, I do not believe that these stories are either irrelevant to the 21st century or too remote to those living in the 21st century reader. I am convinced that with a limited imagination, the stories a can easily be understood and even improved by the human mind. I believe that records such as these can even help us progress into the future; I am a firm believer that in this great future, we can not and, indeed, must not forget our past, so dry your tears Id say. Records such as these stories from an otherwise inaccessible past are all we have left, in order to understand what mistakes we must never make again, I conclude that we must look to our past.

The 4 Fundamental Forces of Physics

The 4 Fundamental Forces of Physics The fundamental forces (or fundamental interactions) of physics are the ways that individual particles interact with each other. It turns out that every single interaction observed taking place in the universe can be broken down and described by only four (well, generally four- more on that later) types of interactions: GravityElectromagnetismWeak Interaction (or Weak Nuclear Force)Strong Interaction (or Strong Nuclear Force) Gravity Of the fundamental forces, gravity has the farthest reach, but its the weakest in actual magnitude. It is a purely attractive force which reaches through even the empty void of space to draw two masses toward each other. It keeps the planets in orbit around the sun and the moon in orbit around the Earth. Gravitation is described under the theory of general relativity, which defines it as the curvature of spacetime around an object of mass. This curvature, in turn, creates a situation where the path of least energy is toward the other object of mass. Electromagnetism Electromagnetism is the interaction of particles with an electrical charge. Charged particles at rest interact through electrostatic forces, while in motion they interact through both electrical and magnetic forces. For a long time, the electric and magnetic forces were considered to be different forces, but they were finally unified by James Clerk Maxwell in 1864, under Maxwells equations. In the 1940s, quantum electrodynamics consolidated electromagnetism with quantum physics. Electromagnetism is perhaps the most prevalent force in our world, as it can affect things at a reasonable distance and with a fair amount of force. Weak Interaction The weak interaction is a very powerful force that acts on the scale of the atomic nucleus. It causes phenomena such as beta decay. It has been consolidated with electromagnetism as a single interaction called the electroweak interaction. The weak interaction is mediated by the W boson (there are two types, the W and W- bosons) and also the Z boson. Strong Interaction The strongest of the forces is the aptly-named strong interaction, which is the force that, among other things, keeps nucleons (protons and neutrons) bound together. In the helium atom, for example, it is strong enough to bind two protons together even though their positive electrical charges cause them to repulse each other. In essence, the strong interaction allows particles called gluons to bind together quarks to create the nucleons in the first place. Gluons can also interact with other gluons, which gives the strong interaction a theoretically infinite distance, although its major manifestations are all at the subatomic level. Unifying the Fundamental Forces Many physicists believe that all four of the fundamental forces are, in fact, the manifestations of a single underlying (or unified) force which has yet to be discovered. Just as electricity, magnetism, and the weak force were unified into the electroweak interaction, they work to unify all of the fundamental forces. The current quantum mechanical interpretation of these forces is that the particles do not interact directly, but rather manifest virtual particles that mediate the actual interactions. All of the forces except for gravity have been consolidated into this Standard Model of interaction. The effort to unify gravity with the other three fundamental forces is called quantum gravity. It postulates the existence of a virtual particle called the graviton, which would be the mediating element in gravity interactions. To date, gravitons have not been detected, and no theories of quantum gravity have been successful or universally adopted.

Lasers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Lasers - Essay Example 13). â€Å"The invention of the laser was one of the groundbreaking scientific achievements of the twentieth century† (Lang and Barbero vii). This technology resulted in the development of new systems of communication, optical devices, space exploration, digital devices, and the mastery of nuclear energy. Lasers are oscillators functioning at optical frequencies producing monochromatic, coherent, and highly collimated intense beams of light. The frequencies of operation lie within a spectrum of far infrared to the vacuum ultraviolet or soft X-ray region (Lang and Barbero xii). This process occurs â€Å"when a beam of light passes through a specially prepared medium and intiates or stimulates the atoms within that medium to emit light† (Silfvast 1). Light is emitted from a source such as a flash lamp or diode, and the light is amplified in the lasing media which may be a gas, liquid, or solid. â€Å"The light travels between two mirrors; one of the mirrors is 100% reflective, while the other is partially translucent† (Dajnowski et al. 13). Light repeatedly passes through the lasing media until it gains the required energy level, at which point it exits through the partially reflective, translucent mirror, state Dajnowski et al. (13). The light is released in exactly the same direction and same wavelength as that of the original beam. Thus, lasers are devices that â€Å"amplify or increase the intensity of light to produce a highly directional, high-intensity beam that typically has a very pure frequency or wavelength† (Silfvast 1). The components of a typical laser device include an amplifying or gain medium, a pumping source to channel energy into the device, and an optical cavity or mirror arrangement for reflecting the beam of light back and forth through the amplifying medium for further increase and intensification. â€Å"A useful laser beam is obtained by allowing a small portion of the light to escape by passing through one of the mirrors that is

Global Warming Illustration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Global Warming Illustration - Essay Example People should also embark on afforestation activities to increase forest and vegetation cover and further invest in eco-friendly products. Global warming and its effects may be reduced by adopting environmental friendly farming methods, energy conservation techniques and engaging in other activities that reduces emission of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Global warming has affected every nation and village making it a concern to every kind of humanity despite of other distinguishing factors such as race, ethnicity, age, sex, and religion. The impact of climatic changes negatively affects the ecosystem. The effects of climatic change have led to death, malnutrition, droughts and are costly in most countries. The issue of global warming is serious and some experts and scientists say that the climatic change is still going to be a major issue as people can do very less to stop its impact but every individual can at least do something to control the climatic changes. Everybody should be responsible enough to control factors that contribute to global warming. Global warming has altered the climatic patterns in various parts of the world thus making people see nature differently. For instance, the water levels have gone down, cases of Katarina have gone so high, and rainfall is not falling most of the times as it used to in other previous days. Additionally, the vegetation cover is no longer the same the way it used to be in the past and animals have not been able to get food that can satisfy them because of lack of rainfall. Experts predict that in the coming days, the strength of global warming shall have gone so high and that there will be more heat waves and fires combined with severe droughts. Moreover, the experts argue that even a small change in temperature can make a very big difference in people’s life. Experts also say that oceans

Network Design Essay Example for Free

Network Design Essay The objective at hand was to build a network from the ground up. This was accomplished by breaking down all of the sections and building upon all previous assignments. This was a good course as I learned a lot about all of the different sections of building a network. The pros are now I know how to build a network on the design side from the ground up. I learned quite a bit about using a lot of the technologies associated with networking and it allowed me to learn quite a few new concepts. Some of the downfalls about this course and what I have learned are I did not feel I accomplished much as there is no hands on training associated with the course. I do not feel like concepts and design ideas are a great resource to actually learn how to use any of the systems but they do give a pretty good idea. Cabling SpecificationsEthernet is a Local Area Network (LAN) technology with a transmission rate of 10 Mbps and has a typical star topology. Computers and devices must wait-and-listen for transmission time on the network as only one device can transmit at any one time. In order to operate with this network strategy, Ethernet incorporates CSMA/CD (Carrie Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection). Each device on the network listens for the network to be clear before transmitting data. If more than one computer or device transmits data at the same time, then collisions occur. Once collisions are detected, all devices stop transmitting for a period of time until one of the devices senses the line is free and will then gain control of the line to transmit its data. Receiving devices just sit there waiting and listening for transmissions that are meant for them, which are determined by an IP (Internet Protocol) address. The main advantage to Ethernet is it is one of the cheapest networks to put into service. Compared to other hardware for Token Ring, Ethernet equipment such as hubs, switches, network interface cards, and cable (Cat5 common) is inexpensive. The main disadvantage to Ethernet is related to the collisions that occur on the network. Even though Ethernet cable (Cat5) is fairly inexpensive, it can become a cost issue if designing a large network as each device or computer requires its own cable connection to the central hub. Another disadvantage is distance limitation for node connections. The longest connection that can occur within an Ethernet network without a repeater is 100 meters. Todays Ethernet standards, 100 Mbps and 1000 Mbps, incorporate switched technology, which for the most part, eliminates collisions on the network. The IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) specification for Ethernet is 802.3 with three-part names designating the different types. For example, 10BASE-T is for 10 Mbps, and 100BASE-TX is for 100 Mbps. Token RingToken was developed by IBM as an alternative to Ethernet. The network is physically wired in star topology, but is arranged in a logical ring. Instead of a hub or switch like in an Ethernet network, a MAU (Multistation Access Unit) is used. Access to the network is controlled by possession of a token that is passed around the ring from computer to computer as data can only travel in one direction at a time. A computer that wishes to transmit data on the network takes possession of the token and replaces the token frame with data. The data goes around the ring and returns to the transmitting computer, which removes the data, creates a new token, and then forwards it to the next computer. The IEEE specification for Token Ring is 802.5 and it comes in two different speeds: 4 Mbps and 16 Mbps. The main advantage to Token Ring is there are never any collisions within the network, which makes it a highly reliable solution for high-traffic networks. The disadvantage to Token Ring is the network cards and MAU are more expensive than equivalent Ethernet hardware. FDDIFDDI (Fiber-Distributed Data Interface) is an architecture designed for high-speed backbones that operate at 100 Mbps, which are used to connect and extend LANs. A ring topology is used with two fiber optic cable rings. It  passes a token on both rings and in opposite directions. The specification for FDDI is designated by the American National Standards Institute as ANSI X3T9.5. The advantage to FDDI is that it uses two rings for protection in case one ring breaks. When a break occurs, data is rerouted in the opposite direction using the other ring. It is also considered reliable because it uses a token-passing strategy. The disadvantage to FDDI is the expensive network cards and fiber optic cable. In addition, the amount of fiber optic cable is doubled because it has redundant rings. WirelessLocal Area Network (LAN) TopologiesA mesh topology has a point-to-point connection to every other device (node) within the topology. The point-to-point link is dedicated between each device so it will only carry traffic to the two devices that is connected by that link. The advantage of a mesh topology is it works on the concept of routes, which means that traffic can take one of several paths between the source and destination. The network is also robust in that it will not be crippled if one path becomes unavailable or unstable due to each device being connected to every other device. The Internet uses a mesh topology to operate efficiently. The main disadvantage to a mesh topology is the fact that it requires a large number of cables, which is very expensive. A bus topology is a multipoint topology that entails each device being connected to a common link or path. The common link can be thought of as the backbone to the network. All devices typically connect to the backbone with a T-connector and coax cable. The main advantages of a bus topology are that it is easy to install and is not expensive (cost effective) because it uses very little cable to build. The main disadvantage is if there is a problem with the one backbone cable, then the entire network will no longer have the ability to communicate.  These networks are also very difficult to troubleshoot because any small problem such as a cable break, loose connector, or cable short can cause the outage. The entire length of cable and each connector must be inspected during troubleshooting. Another disadvantage is the lack of amplification of the signal, which results in a limited network size based on the characteristics of the cable because of how far a signal can travel down that cable. A ring topology means that each device is connected in a ring, or daisy-chain fashion, one after another. A dedicated connection only exists between a device and the device on each side of it. Data flows around the ring in one direction. Each device contains a repeater that regenerates the signal before passing it to the next device. The main advantage of a ring topology is that it is easy to install. One disadvantage includes difficulty to troubleshoot because data flows in one direction and it could take time to find the faulty device when there are problems. The entire network could be taken off line if there is a faulty device or cable break within the ring. The star topology has each device in the network connected to a central device called a hub, which can actually be a hub or switch. All traffic must pass through the hub in order to communicate with any other device on the network. There is no direct communication between devices like in a mesh topology. One advantage to a star topology is any failure to one cable or device connected to the hub will not bring the entire network down. Repairs can be done to individual nodes without disrupting traffic flow. Another advantage is expandability of the network. Additional devices can be added to the network without disrupting any of the current users. All that is required is an additional cable run from the device to the hub. One disadvantage includes cable costs because each device must have its own cable connected back to the hub. The other disadvantage is the hub itself.  Since all traffic runs through one device, it becomes the single point of failure. If the hub goes down, so does the entire network. Wide Area Network (WAN) DesignA WAN, also known as a Wide Area Network, is an essential part to bigger corporate networks most government networks and companies with multiple sites as well. A WAN, basically, is 2 or more LANs (Local Area Networks) stuck together and running as one big network over a big geographical area. Although a WAN could cover very small distances, most WANs cover much larger geographical areas such as a country or possibly even the world. The largest WAN today would technically be the internet or the World Wide Web. The internet is, in short, one giant WAN because it consists of many smaller LANs and servers. Most WANs can cover a fairly large geographical area, but some, such as the World Wide Web can cover the globe. The United States Government has quite a big WAN as a lot of their LANs are in other countries. They need to get data from one place to another almost instantaneously, and this is one of the quickest and easiest ways to be able to do so. To be able to get on the internet, a subscriber must go through an ISP (Internet Service Provider) and they will give the subscriber access to the internet for a certain price every month. There are different ways to get access to the internet depending on the geographical location in which you live. A subscriber can go through dial up, which is one of the slowest methods, but it is also one of the most common. There is also DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) through most phone companies if they have access in the area and cable which is usually one of the fastest and most expensive methods to access the internet. The last common method is using a satellite to obtain access. This is usually the most expensive ways to access the internet because the equipment usually needs to be bought. When talking about telephone lines, we start getting into analog versus digital signals and degradation over longer distances. A telephone system works on analog signals. These work by a computer transmitting a digital  signal to the modem which converts the signal into an analog signal (this is the beeping heard when a computer dials up to access the internet) and later being converted by a different computer back into a digital signal with the use of a modem. DSL is digital all the way, along with T1 and T3 lines. When using DSL or T1/T3 lines, a filter of some sort is used to filter out the digital and analog signals, so the phone and computer are receiving different signals. Companies usually use faster lines to access the internet or to have access to their other sites. Smaller companies can use DSL or Cable internet services, but when talking about larger corporations or the government, most use public systems such as telephone lines or satellites. Usually, when talking about larger companies and going through a public system, we are talking much faster speeds that can hold many more users. T1 and T3 lines are usually used, satellites are commonly used and fiber-optic is becoming much more common. When getting into many users on a WAN, we need to start talking about Network Latency. According to Javvin.com network latency is defined as “latency is a measure of how fast a network is running. The term refers to the time elapsed between the sending of a message to a router and the return of that message (even if the process only takes milliseconds, slowdowns can be very apparent over multi-user networks). Latency problems can signal network-wide slowdowns, and must be treated seriously, as latency issues cause not only slow service but data losses as well. At the user level, latency issues may come from software malfunctions; at the network level, such slowdowns may be a result of network overextension or bottlenecking, or DoS or DDoS activity.”Dos or DDos stands for Denial of Service and Distributed Denial of Service respectively. These types of attacks are usually by hackers or someone who does not want others to access a certain service. There was a recent DoS threat on the CNN webpage as some hackers wanted CNN to stop talking about a certain issue. This works by one or multiple people talking all of the networks latency or bandwidth from them and thus causing other not to be able to access their site or services. There are other issues that may slow down a users PC as well. Not all issues revolve around hacker attacks. A lot of problems could be caused by malicious software, such as, Spyware, Malware, Viruses, or other programs that may be problematic. These can usually be taken care of by installing anti-virus software or even a spyware removal tool. The issue here is instead of the malicious software causing slowdowns on a PC, there are slowdowns due to the software protecting a certain computer in the background. Sometimes a simple fix to this problem is to defragment a hard drive. This can tremendously speed up a PC, because the files will be closer together and easier and quicker to access. On a network, a simple way to test latency is to use the trace route program. To do this, simply go to a command prompt and type tracert and then an IP address if internal or a website if external. This will send out packets of information and check how much time has passed to receive a packet back. The time passed would be the latency time. Usually it says it only took a certain amount of milliseconds which does not seem like very much time, but it was only a tiny packet of information. The higher the milliseconds the higher the latency time. The higher the latency time, the longer it will take to do anything in a network. If a high latency time is present, there is bound to be lag somewhere down the line. In a WAN, the equipment that will be used is as follows. In each LAN there will be PCs connected to a router somewhere (this is a ring topology example) and that router should be connected into a switch. There may be more but this is a basic example. Each of these LANs then connects to a central HUB somewhere which should interconnect all of the LANs. All of the information then travels to the central hub which is then separated out to the correct switch, router and then PC. There are usually central servers that can store and backup all of the data on the network as well, but this was an example of a crude network. Most companies also a very repetitious and redundant with their WANs. This is because they do not want a central failure point to bring the entire company to itÂ’s knees. There are usually multiple switches that can tie the  entire system together. If a huge corporations Wan decided to fail, the company could lose a few million dollars in a matter of minutes. This is the main reason redundancy in this situation makes more than enough sense. A lot of companies use software called VPN software. This software will let users login from the outside into their computer inside the company. This is a very nice system because if an employee needs to do work from home, they have access to everything they working on onsite. This is also helpful from an Information Technology perspective as it allows the Tech who is working on a remote problem login remotely and find out what the issue is, make any configuration changes and fix most software related issues without actually having to be onsite. This works well when being on call from an offsite location. There are other software packages that work well too. A lot of companies use PCAnywhere to do this type of work and Bomgar is another solution to be able to remotely login. A WAN is an imperative part to any corporation, government agency or company with multiple locations, as it allows them to transfer data quickly, easily and over great distances at the click of a button. There seems to be more and more need for employees in the networking field today, because more and more corporations need to transfer data quicker and easier. There will be new technology soon that will improve our current technology such as fiber optic. Network ProtocolsThere are many solutions to remote access and the most common and one of the most cost efficient methods is the VPN (Virtual Private Network). VPN technology is already built in to most operating systems and is very easy to implement. With bigger environments and corporations, a consideration for concentrated VPN hardware should be in place because of the simultaneous users and stress on the servers. There are a few different types of VPN including IPsec, PPTP and SSL. Once the connection from remote access has been made, you need to make sure the files are readily accessible for the user logging in remotely. One way to do so is to use Samba which is an open source file access system. There  are other ways to allow access as well. Using remote desktop connection, the user has the ability to log directly in to their PC and use it as if they were sitting at their desk, rather than away from the company. A lot of companies use software called VPN software. This software will let users login from the outside into their computer inside the company. This is a very nice system because if an employee needs to do work from home, they have access to everything they working on onsite. This is also helpful from an Information Technology perspective as it allows the Tech who is working on a remote problem login remotely and find out what the issue is, make any configuration changes and fix most software related issues without actually having to be onsite. This works well when being on call from an offsite location. There are other software packages that work well too. A lot of companies use PCAnywhere to do this type of work and Bomgar is another solution to be able to remotely login. Network Remote AccessMost companies need to be able to access their work from many locations, including home and while traveling. The solution that allows them to access the network is one of two ways to access their network. The first is through a VPN (virtual private network) that allows the user access to remotely log in easily and quickly. The other way is through a dial up remote connection; this way is a bit easier to set up but can become very costly in the long run. The problem with being able to do this is it can be very costly and can eat up much of the IT departments time to set up, configure and implement this system into the current hardware. The definition from whatis.com about a VPN is “ virtual private network (VPN) is a network that uses a public telecommunication infrastructure, such as the Internet, to provide remote offices or individual users with secure access to their organizations network. A virtual private network can be contrasted with an expensive system of owned or leased lines that can only be used by one organization. The goal of a VPN is to provide the organization with the same capabilities, but at a much lower cost. VPN works by using the shared public infrastructure while maintaining privacy through security procedures and tunneling protocols such as the Layer Two Tunneling  Protocol (L2TP). In effect, the protocols, by encrypting data at the sending end and decrypting it at the receiving end, send the data through a tunnel that cannot be entered by data that is not properly encrypted. An additional level of security involves encrypting not only the data, but also the originating and receiving network addresses.”A VPN, also known as a Virtual Private Network is a helpful tool that allows users of a specific domain to be able to log in to their PC from anywhere in the world with the help of another PC. With this tool, they would log in with a special piece of software, using their user name and password to gain access to all functionality of the PC they want to log in to. This allows for a lot of comfortable solutions, such as if an employee is sick, they may still have an option to work from home. This allows a flexible company schedule as well because if a user needs to access a document from their home PC, they can essentially log in to their work PC and download t he document. Network Business ApplicationsA second way to access oneÂ’s computer from a different location would be using a dial up service, with this you can basically dial in to access all of their resources available within the server. Using this is a very secure and easy route to go, and allows the user access to files they may desperately need. Another good thing about using a remote connection to access a server is if the user is on a business trip, they have the ability to access all of their much needed documents easily and securely with out much fuss. The explanation between these two pieces of technology is “with dial-up remote access, a remote access client uses the telecommunications infrastructure to create a temporary physical circuit or a virtual circuit to a port on a remote access server. After the physical or virtual circuit is created, the rest of the connection parameters can be negotiated.With virtual private network remote access, a VPN client uses an IP internetwork to create a virtual point-to-point connection with a remote access server acting as the VPN server. After the virtual point-to-point connection is created, the rest of the connection parameters can be negotiated. ”There are many advantages and disadvantages to using a dial up remote connection over VPN. The biggest advantage I have been able to find is, it is easier to set  up and maintain while using VPN makes you set up and maintain individual accounts for both the VPN and the users name and password on the system. Another advantage of dialing up in to the system would be the fact that no matter where the user is all they need to do is plug into a phone jack and they should be able to log in. The disadvantage of this is depending on where the user is long distance charges may apply and it could rank up a pretty penny or two. Another disadvantage is although the system is cheaper in the short term, the system may be more expensive than VPN in the long run. There are also other methods of using VPN. One specific way is certain ISPs (Internet Service Providers) and other third party support companies are assisting in setting up the VPN and supporting it without a great deal of time spent on it by the current department. This may or may not be more cost efficient than setting it up yourself, but it does remove a lot of the headache that VPNs can give due to different errors. There are also many advantages and disadvantages to using a VPN over a dial up system. One of the biggest advantages to this system over a dial up system is in the long run this is a much cheaper system than a dial up system. This system is a little bit quicker than a dial up system as well. This system is cheaper than a dial up system because using a dial up system, long distance fees may apply, with the virtual private network, you do not need to worry about this as the user may call into a local internet service provider to gain access. Any internet connection will gain a user access to the companyÂ’s network through a VPN. Through all of this, there still needs to be security measures put in place to keep unwanted users off of the system while allowing employees or other authorized users access without down time. VPNs can work well with firewalls, all the IT department would need to do is allow the ports to be accessed by the VPN and the user should have full access. All in all, there are two very cost effective solutions at a companyÂ’s finger tips and both are fairly easy to set up. The company needs to decide if they want to save money up front and make it easier so they do not need  to set up multiple accounts per user, or if they would rather have a better solution and save more money down the road. The choice also depends on the amount of users logging in at any given moment. Backup and Disaster RecoverySecurity, back ups and disaster recovery are all important very parts of all networks in todays world. The problem with today is information on how to hack, destroy and program any type of malicious software (or malware) is easily accessible via the Internet and other easy to access sources. There are roughly 1.4 billion people on the Internet or that at least have access to the Internet in the world, which is about 25% of the worlds population. All of these people have extremely easy access to hacking networks, creating malware and destroying any personal or private data a user may have and wish to keep. There is not really any way to stop these people from harming our personal software and data from their side, this is why a user needs to make sure they have security on the users side. There are other things that happen besides people trying to maliciously harm a users files and data. Accidents can happen and destroy data as well. There could be many things that can harm a users data such as a fire, earthquake, power surge or worst case scenario, some sort of electro magnetic pulse (EMP). This is where data back ups and disaster recovery come in nicely. There are many companies that specialize in helping a user or company back up their data and store it off site such as SunGard (mostly used in bigger company settings). There are other ways to store a users data as well. One way is to make a physical copy of everything needed on CDs, DVDs, Flash Drive or some other type of media and store it at a friends house or some other persons house they trust. This keeps a hard copy of all of their data off site just in case something happens and it can now be restored. There are a few other companies as well that offer on line backups. For this a user downloads their software and it automatically backs up to a few different location for redundancy which allows the customer more safety and easier access to all of their files. One of the first steps to a business that wishes to be very secure in all  that they do is to set up a backup and disaster recovery plan to start it all off. Like I stated earlier, there are many way s to do it. If this is a larger company they probably want to hire someone internally to make a physical back up of all the data and send it to an off site company for storage. They should also keep another copy close to them at all times, preferably away from where the physical data lies. They should put it on the opposite side of the building than where the file server is. If anything happens to the servers, they can quickly and easily use their backed up copy of all the data and recover it on to the servers in which they lie. Most companies have 2 or 3 backup units on site for redundancy and this allows that if one of those go down as well there are still a couple others in which they can restore all of the data from. Although this can become a little more expensive than just a regular back up system, sometimes it can be well worth it. Network SecurityAccording to devx.com “the first step in drafting a disaster recovery plan is conducting a thorough risk analysis of your computer systems. List all the possible risks that threaten system uptime and evaluate how imminent they are in your particular IT shop. Anything that can cause a system outage is a threat, from relatively common man made threats like virus attacks and accidental data deletions to more rare natural threats like floods and fires. Determine which of your threats are the most likely to occur and prioritize them using a simple system: rank each threat in two important categories, probability and impact. In each category, rate the risks as low, medium, or high. For example, a small Internet company (less than 50 employees) located in California could rate an earthquake threat as medium probability and high impact, while the threat of utility failure due to a power outage could rate high probability and high impact. So in this companys risk analysis, a power outage would be a higher risk than an earthquake and would therefore be a higher priority in the disaster recovery plan.”Another big part of any security system development is the company (or department) needs to look at their budget and how much they are willing to spend on their system. A company can get a basic security system for their network (including firewall) for fairly cheap and this may do most of what is needed, but larger companies are going to need to spend quite a  bit more money than that of a small company. Most larger companies spend quite a bit because they usually have higher priced clients that they can not afford to lose and all of their data is invaluable to the company. Some companies actually have their own Information System Security employees to monitor the network in case of any type of attack. They also make sure all of the anti-virus and anti-malware softwares are running and updating properly. Lastly, another thing most companies forget about after they have their equipment and software installed is there is more than just the implementation of the hardware and software to save them. They need to make sure everything continues to run and update itself from newer and bigger threats. These companies need to make sure they continually test and check what needs to be done to continually maintain a network that can not be broken in to. There are people out there that can be hired to try and break into a companies network. They get paid and let the company know what needs to be fixed so others can not break into it as well. In conclusion, a company can be nothing or brought to its knees with out its network and servers. There are many things that can cripple a company without the help of man. The only way to avoid these is to have a proper disaster recovery plan and to make sure the network is not vulnerable in any way. References About, Inc. (2004). Network topologies : bus, ring, star, and all the rest. RetrievedOctober 12, 2004, from http://compnetworking.about.com /library/weekly/aa041601a.htmBrain, M. (2004). How stuff works : how wifi works. Retrieved October 12, 2004,from http://computer.howstuffworks.com/wireless-network.htm/printableNetwork Latency. (n.d.). Retrieved April 27, 2008, fromhttp://www.javvin.com/etraffic/network-latency.htmlBroadband Internet. (n.d.). Retrieved April 27, 2008, fromhttp://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/index.php/id;988596323Wide Area Networks.(n.d.). Retrieved April 27, 2008, fromhttp://www.erg.abdn.ac.uk/users/gorry/course/intro-pages/wan.htmlVirtual Private Network. (n.d.).retrieved May 11, 2008, fromhttp://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid14_gci213324,00.html#VPN vs. Dial up. (n.d.). Retrieved May 11, 2008, fromhttp://technet2.microsoft.com/windowsserver/en/library/d85d2477-796d-41bd-83fb-17d78fb1cd951033.mspx?mfr=trueHow to Create a Disaster Recovery Plan, RetrievedMay 23, 2008, from http://www.devx.com/security/Article/16390/1954World Internet Usage Statistics, RetrievedMay 23, 2008, from http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm

A Vindication of the Right of Women and Woman in the Nineteenth Century

Education of Women in A Vindication of the Right of Women and Woman in the Nineteenth Century      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In two centuries where women have very little or no rights at all, Mary Wollstonecraft and Margaret Fuller appear as claiming voices, as two followers of feminism. Two women separated by a century but united by the same ideals. In these male- dominated societies, these two educated women tried to vindicate their rights through one of the few areas where they could show their intelligence: literature. So, in the 18th century we find Wollstonecraft ´s A Vindication of the Right of Women and in the 19th her successor Margaret Fuller’s Woman in the Nineteenth Century. Two books written with the same purpose: to vindicate the rights of women and to try to create a better situation for women, yet through two differing points of view, the difference of one century. As there are too many points about the rights of women dealt with by these books, I am going to concentrate in one of these vindictive points: the education of women. Throughout this paper, I am going to show how these two women wrote about women education from two different kind of feminism, what they thought about it and how they dealt with this subject. During the 18th century there was little argument for civil and educational rights for women. There was more concern about racial matters than about women status and rights. When Mary Wollstonecraft wrote Vindication of the Right of Woman, she tried to fulfil this lack of civil and educational rights for women. This is a plea to give equality of opportunity to women. The education she promoted was a mixture of information and rational skills. She stresses the importance of educating both sexes together, somethi... ...t, not only a light version of what was taught to boys. Romanticism did not define female nature only in contrast to men. Romanticism does not describe women as the negative counterpart of men. Fuller’s feminism is also romantic because she believed that women could be free by themselves only if they united together but never if united with men. This difference of feminism is based on the different time both of them live on, while in the 18th century women had no rights at all, in the following one they begin to have access to education, so now the following step was to achieve the liberation that Fuller vindicate in her work. BIBLIOGRAPHY Wollstonecraft, Mary. Vindication of the Right of Woman. New York: Oxford University Press, 1972. Fuller, Margaret. Woman in the Nineteenth Century and Other Writings. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.   

“A Rose For Emily” by Willam Failkner Essay

In the story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner, the use of foreshadowing is used truly conspicuously. To foreshadow is to provide advanced indications to a future event or discovery.. The extremely strong dank scent about Ms. Emily’s house, the second floor of this residence being locked and the discovery of the iron grey hair, all are strong foreshadowing incidents that achieve this surprising and strong but also believable ending. Faulkner use of foreshadowing is used ingeniously to achieve a shocking and powerful yet certain ending Ms. Emily lived in a white, square, seventies style house that is now rundown, un maintained, rotting and decaying. The inside of the house was said to smell like â€Å"dust and disuse – a close, dank smell.† Yet the scent smelt by 3 different neighbors was stronger than this, the stench was so rotten that it traveled into neighboring homes. As one neighbor complained and described the smell she said â€Å"†¦ they were not surprised when the smell developed. It was another link between the gross, teeming world and the high and mighty Griersons.† Faulkner was trying to develop a scent so strong that it could only be that of a dead body. As Ms. Emily’s husband, Homer Barron had gone unseen ever since they were married, it foreshadows to the discovery of his dead body in the house. The foreshadowing helps to bring certainty and believability to the ending of this story. Ms. Emily was occasionally seen through windows in her home sometimes on the second floor and sometimes on the main floor. As Ms. Emily grew old she started only to be seen on the main floor of her house, not ever on the second. People who would watch the house said â€Å"†¦she had evidently shut up the top floor of the house†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Faulkner wanted to make the reader wonder why the second floor was locked and not used. What could Ms. Emily be trying to hide? This is a development in the foreshadowing of the scent in the house, as this foreshadows the discovery of Homer Barron’s dead body locked away, upstairs in Ms. Emily’s house. Again this foreshadowing strengthens the certainty and believability to the ending of this story. As Ms. Emily grew old, her hair turned gray. Her hair was described as â€Å"pepper-and-salt-iron-gray.† The eventual death of Ms. Emily would end the  mystery of her life that all of the society had once wondered about. After her funeral and her burial, the town’s people broke down the locked upstairs door. Found was the deceased and decaying body of Homer Barron, but more closely on the pillow beside where his body laid, an indentation of a head and some strands of hair. The hair was shockingly described as â€Å"†¦a long strand of iron-gray hair.† All of Faulkner’s foreshadowing lead to this point, where the story came together. This hair foreshadows the untold part of the story, where Ms. Emily had kept Homer Barron’s body after he had died and had been sleeping with the body. This foreshadowing is extremely strong and serious as it is un-realistic in our ‘normal’ society. Through the helpful foreshadowing events that lead to a strong and serious example, one can see how the use of foreshadowing brings about a cunning and serious yet a truthful ending. The use of foreshadowing can have a strong impact on story’s and novel’s it can change predictions, alter thoughts on characters and could leave an impression on the reader. In today’s ‘normal’ society this discovery in the story would mostly be seen as a weariness, but to the ‘macabre’ society this story may have been interpreted differently and would possibly appear normal to them.

The Only Crime Is Pride

â€Å"The only crime is pride† is a true statement. Multitudes of people take much pride in numerous things some being: their job, family, political views, hometowns even in their favorite sports team. In the play Antigone by Sophocles, the protagonist, Antigone, wants to give her brother Polynecies the same honorable burial given to her other brother Eteocles. Creon, The ruler of Thebes, makes it very obvious to all the citizens that they are not to attempt to bury his nephew or they will be stoned to death.Antigone deliberately defies her uncle Creon to get her wish and receives punishment as she should for breaking the laws. Subsequent to the sentry bringing Antigone in for her illegal actions, Creon’s niece does not deny anything saying that she had to do it. The ruler of Thebes was appalled that she would ever commit such a crime. This discovery prompts the Choragos to say, â€Å"Like father, like daughter: both headstrong, deaf to reason! She has never learned to yield. † Showing that pride clouds her judgment and directly goes against her uncle and his laws to give Polynecies the honorable burial he deserved.Antigone knew that this crime was punishable by death but her pride would not let her oversee leaving her dead brother unburied like many of the other soldiers and open for the birds and dogs to eat. Oedipus’ daughter was so involved in doing the right thing that she to take her own life in the process. She says, â€Å"If I had left my brother lying in death unburied, I should have suffered. Now I do not. † This further exemplifies that she cares more about the pride of her family rather than her own life.Had Antigone obeyed the laws put in place by her uncle, she would not have been forced to die. Instead she could have gone on living a noble life in the city of Thebes. Creon’s pride effects many of the decisions that he makes as a ruler. His dignity makes all the decisions very biased, including in scene 3 when he is arguing with his son Haimon. His son tells him that, â€Å"In flood time you can see how some trees bend and because they bend, even their twigs are safe, while stubborn trees are town up roots, and all. He, is telling Creon if he insists with being so stubborn with sticking to what his pride tells him to do; he will corrupt himself and many other who are in his life. Although Creon’s son is much younger he is wiser than his father even if Creon would never admit it. The king of Thebes was told many times that since Antigone is his family that he should not punish his niece, another reason people tell him he should release her is that she is a female. Despite these reasons Creon says that he would look weak to the citizens of Thebes if a girl was able to get away with such a felony.His level of self-esteem would also diminish if he had let Antigone get away with this illegal act. Haimon is not the only one who tells Creon he needs to change his way. The blind prop het Teiresias tells Creon, â€Å"Think: all men make mistakes, But a good man yields when he knows his course is wrong, And repairs the evil: The only Crime is pride. † Creon's pride made Antigone's punishment for doing what she believed was right much more severe than necessary. He had to follow through with his decree so he would not look weak in front of the people he governed.Tragically, because of his pride, both Antigone and his own son, Haimon, died needlessly. Is one's pride more important than human life? In society today pride corrupts people in every country and over every: gender, race, religion. Most crimes are committed because people take too much pride for things; and because of this take fierce actions. In Libya angered civilians took matters into their own hands after a movie was made mocking their god Mohammed. They were very proud of their religion and to see it mocked in a movie upset them.Aggressors attacked and killed 4 Libyan ambassadors for the United States. Another example is the 2011 Vancouver Stanley Cup riot. It was a public disturbance that broke out in downtown Vancouver, British Colombia Canada on Wednesday, June 15, 2011. The riots happened immediately after the conclusion of the Boston Bruins’ win over the Vancouver Canucks in game seven of the Stanley Cup. The Vancouver fans were outraged since they had a lot of pride in their team. They were so upset that they stormed the streets flipping over cars, setting stores on fire, and vandalizing property.The prideful fans minds were clouded and made rash decisions; not thinking about what they were doing and acting out of instinct. Harper Lee's book To Kill a Mockingbird also exemplifies people making decisions with clouded minds. Once word gets out that Atticus will be representing Tom Robinson in court people begin to bully Jem and Scout. Since Jem is older he understands that he must not let his pride get in the way and keeps composure until finally he snaps, terr orizing Mrs.Duboses’ garden ripping out all the flowers. Scout’s self-worth also clouds her mind, beating up many classmates that even thought to bring up that her dad was a bad man. â€Å"The only crime is pride. † Accurately displays that pride makes humans act with clouded judgment making them do things they would not normally do; the same way Antigone and Creon acted throughout Sophocles play, Antigone, and the same way it effects millions of people in today’s world.

Use tables or graphs to illustrate the price stability performance of Japan Essays

Use tables or graphs to illustrate the price stability performance of Japan Essays Use tables or graphs to illustrate the price stability performance of Japan Essay Use tables or graphs to illustrate the price stability performance of Japan Essay Japans economic slump, which began with a stock market crash in 1989, now lies in its fourth recession in ten years. The Asian banking and financial crisis has had a profound effect on this, the second largest economy in the world. Japanese under performing banks are carrying Yen150 trillion ($1.3 trillion) of bad loans. State-run corporations are dragging productivity down, unemployment is rising and Japanese consumer confidence remains low. Macroeconomic policy is proving highly unstable as Japans illness that of deflation remains predominant. Price stability is defined as the sustained absence of both inflation and deflation. (Mc Aleese: p.294, 2001). Further economic agents can make decisions regarding economic activity without being concerned about the fluctuation of the general price level. Along with effective fiscal policy, the control of government spending, low unemployment levels, controlled interest rates and hence inflation rates, macroeconomic policy is maintained. The most serious aspect of Japans economic sickness is deflation. Japans paralysis, where ineffective control measures have had many negative results, will now be discussed. Price Stability: Price stability, or rather instability in Japans case, is characterised by the prolonged presence of deflation. The stock market is hovering around a 19 year low. The Nikkei 225, the most commonly used Share Price Index, had stood at 14 times the Dow through the 1980s. However in February 2002 it dropped below the Dow Jones Industrial for the first time since 1957. Japans persistent decline in the general price level is again indicated by the Consumer Price Index. Prices have shown a 1% fall per annum. These falling price levels have increased real debt burdens. National debt stands at over 130% of GDP (www.economist.com). Also Japans banks are chronically weak and burdened by duff loans of Yen37 trillion, about 7% of GDP. So Japanese banks have been left carrying excess bad loans, forcing them to cut lending. Together with depressed consumer spending it has proved impossible for the Bank of Japan to deliver the negative real interest rates that the economy needs to revive demand. Interest rates in Japan stand at virtually 0%. However most companies are not investing but paying down their debts (mentioned above). This adverse impact on investment is also due to the fact that real long-term interest rates in Japan have reached high percentages. The fact that interest rates stand at zero has kept inefficient firms afloat and delayed restructuring. This has contradicted Japans bust advantage. Structural adjustment and creative destruction can prove positive outcomes of negative fluctuations. However, rigid labour and product markets, along with the Japanese keiretsu relationship have hindered the weeding out of inefficient firms. Simultaneously, low interest rates have led to low inflation rates (-0.6% in 2001). This has reflected weak demand and thus the economic slowdown. These supply-side factors, such as the intensification of global competition and deregulation, have put additional downward pressure on prices. This is contributing to the high debt ratio and subsequent price destruction. This bout of recession and deflation has not only had negative impact on CPI, share prices, investment and inflation but also on property prices. Since 1991, commercial property prices have dropped by an average of 84% in Japans six biggest cities (www.economist.com). Housing demand has also collapsed since 1996. Analysis: It remains evident that Japans economy lies in uncertainty, where consistent unstable price performance has given rise to the lost decade. Its current situation comprises of internal factors (e.g. buyer uncertainty) and external factors (e.g. the U.S. current bubble burst). These counter-cyclical variables have had the following negative effect the decrease in economic activity in Japan has led to the increased unemployment rate (+5.3%), bankruptcies, non-performance loans etc. Analysing Japans current prolonged crisis, it becomes evident that it displays attributes of Keynesian economics. The existing shifts in aggregate demand, the low rate of investment and price rigidities, all clearly display this. Price stability is an indispensable prerequisite to ensure sustainable development of the economy (Masaru Hayami, Governor Bank of Japan). 77 year-old Mr. Hayami however has failed so far to deliver such a position. This political paralysis, where political resistance to reform is demonstrated, is hindering Japans recovery. Again, the current Japanese Prime Minister, Junichiro Koizumi (elected April 2001), who unveiled a series of economic reforms has met with little success against this rigid political system, resistant to reform. Furthermore his termination of Makiko Tanaka (his Foreign Minister) in January 2002, along with his lack of co-operation with Economics Minister, Heizo Takenaka, has left Japan still in search of a cure. Is there Evidence of Inflation or Deflation in Japan at the moment? What problems might be associated with very low inflation or deflation? Deflation is defined as the persistent decline in the general price level of goods and services1. The most common measure of inflation statistics is the Consumer Price Index (CPI). In Japan, this has fallen at a rate of about 1% since 1999. If the GDP Deflator is used this deflationary trend can be traced back to 1995. The difference between potential and actual GDP is called the output gap. This is another indicator of price stability (or instability). Price stability is defined as the sustained absence of deflation (falling prices) and inflation (rising prices). It is fundamental to the second pillar of the new consensus, macroeconomic stability. Therefore policy makers welcome disinflation and low inflation. Owing to the bias2 in constructing CPI indices, an inflation rate of 0-2% has become acceptable. There are certain costs of changing prices regardless of whether these are due to high inflation or deflation. There is a loss in efficiency as menu costs and shoe leather costs are incurred. Additionally, the necessary fiscal and monetary policies required to attain stability are costly. More specifically, why is deflation problematic? Initially, falling prices seem like a good thing and people feel as if they have more money in their pockets to spend. Even those on a fixed income, (state pensions, social welfare) benefit from an increase in real income. In spite of all this, the far-reaching contagion effects of deflation mean it is a phenomenon to be avoided. Rather than spending more on the goods, which they can now afford, a continuous fall in prices means that consumer and investor spending actually slows down. Consumers and businesses are reluctant to buy goods, which they expect to drop in value in the near future. Such speculation curbs investment and saving increases. In an effort to encourage borrowing for investment, nominal interest rates fall and approach zero. Since the nominal interest rate is the opportunity cost of holding money, savings further increase. This fall in investment demand and activity retards economic growth. Furthermore, since the nominal interest rate cannot fall below zero, the real interest rate will always be positive. In times of deflation, the burden of debt therefore increases. It would seem that lenders gain and borrowers lose. The problem for lenders occurs when debt rises too high and borrowers cannot afford repayments. Banks who earn profits through loan repayments cannot attract big borrowers. T his type of debt deflation is the main problem in the Japanese economy today but is also reminiscent of the Great Depression in the 1930s. In times of low economic growth, it is typical to lower the currency value thereby making exports more attractive to foreign investors. However, the low nominal interest rates induced by deflation have caused foreign demand for the Yen to rise. The Yen remains strong and exports remain relatively expensive. On the whole, wages are accepted to be ratchet. This means that even if prices are falling, the nominal wage rate will not fall. Higher debt repayments and squeezed profits mean that the pressure on companies to cut costs is twofold. This leads to a Darwinian shake-out as companies see job cuts as the only option to save on costs. Deflation is clearly at the root of Japans failing economy. Policy makers must now look to the formulation and implementation of an effective plan to fight deflation if there is any hope of a recovery.